Passive voice

Pojasnjuje vam: Inštruktorica Aleksandra

Zakaj se uporablja

Passive voice se uporablja za prikaz zanimanja za osebo ali predmet, ki izkusi dejanje in ne osebo ali predmet, ki izvaja dejanje. Z drugimi besedami, najpomembnejša stvar ali oseba postane predmet povedi.

Kako se uporablja?

Passive voice naredimo z uporabo glagoli biti (be), v primernem času, in z past participle (done, played, itd.)

Časi, pri katerih ga lahko uporabljamo

	ACTIVE VOICE	PASSIVE VOICE
PRESENT SIMPLE	He delivers the letters.	The letters are delivered.
PAST SIMPLE	He delivered the letters.	The letters were delivered.
FUTURE SIMPLE	He will deliver the letters.	The letters will be delivered.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS	He is delivering the letters.	The letters are being delivered.
PAST CONTINUOUS	He was delivering the letters.	The letters were being delivered.
GOING TO	He is going to deliver the letters.	The letters are going to be delivered.
PRESENT PERFECT	He has delivered the letters.	The letters have been delivered.
PAST PERFECT	He had delivered the letters.	The letters had been delivered.
INFINITIVE	He has to deliver the letters.	The letters have to be delivered.
MODALS	He must deliver the letters.	The letters must be delivered.

Kdaj ga uporabljamo?

Ko ne vemo, nas ne zanima ali pa nam je iz besedila jasno, kdo je dejanje izvedel:
My car was repaired last week.
Ne vemo, kdo je popravil avto.
Za bolj vljudne in formalne izjave (pogosteje ga uporabljamo pri pisanju besedil):
The car hasn’t been cleaned.
Bolj vljudno, kot če nekomu rečemo: You haven’t cleaned the car.
Ko je dejanje bolj pomembno od vršilca (proces, navodila, dogodek, poročilo, oglas, itd.):
40 people were killed in the fire.
Da poudarimo vršilca:
The new museum will be opened by the president.

Iz active v passive

Da poved spremenimo iz active voice v passive voice:

objekt iz active voice povedi postane subjekt v passive voice.
George R. R. Martin wrote this book.
This book was written by George R. R. Martin.
Glavni glagol iz active voice spremenimo v passive voice. Čas ostane nespremenjen.
Subjekt v active voice postane vršilec v passive voice. Postavljen je za past pariciple, predenj pa postavimo predlog by.

Vršilec

Ko govorimo o tem, kdo je izvedel dejanje o katerem je govora, govorimo o zastopniku. Uporabimo predlog by in in ime (by Peter), samostalnik (by the teacherh) ali zaimek (by him) na koncu povedi.
O vršilcu ponavadi govorimo samo ko nam da neke pomembne informacije, ki bi sicer manjkale v povedi.
The library was designed by a famous architect.

O njem ne govorimo če:

ne vemo kdo je napravil to, o čemer govorimo,
če nas ne zanima ali ni pomembno kdo je naredil tisto, o čemer govorimo,
če lahko varno sklepamo kdo je napravil nekaj, brez da ga omenimo,
če je subjekt v active voice povedi nedoločen (somebody, people, they, you, itd.).

Uporaba by ali with

V passive voice uporabljamo:

by z vršilcem, da nakažemo kdo dejanje izvaja
The book was bought by John.
with za instrument, predmet ali material, ki je bil uporabljen, da se je nekaj naredilo
The door was opened with a key.

Glagoli z dvema objektoma

Ko imamo glagol, ki se navezuje na dva objekta, na primer, give somebody something, lahko active voice spremeino v passive voice na dva načina:

tako, da posreden objekt v active voice spremenimo v subjekt, ko ga pišemo v passive voice, kakor to najpogosteje počnemo,
tako, da neposreden objekt v active voice spremenimo v subjekt, ko ga pišemo v passive voice.

Rick gave me (posreden objekt) this book (neposreden objekt).
I was given this book by Rick.
This book was given to me by Rick.

Nekateri glagoli, ki se vežejo na dva objekta so: give, tell, send, show, write, bring, pay, offer, itd.

Ko je posredni objekt v passive voice po glagolu sam, potrebuje predlog to.
Če je posredni objekt v active voice osebni zaimek, ga je treba spremeniti v subjektivni zaimek subjektu v povedi v passive voice.